腰椎融合术置钉过程中损伤右侧髂总动脉抢救成功1例

2018-12-13 冯超帅 杨宝辉 王国毓 中国脊柱脊髓杂志

髂总动脉损伤是一种腰椎融合术中罕见且异常凶险的并发症。发现不及时或处理不当,可在短时间内导致患者失血性休克,甚至死亡。1945年Linton等首次报道腰椎间盘切除术中并发大血管损伤,术后形成右髂动脉与下腔静脉瘘;此后,国内外偶有类似报道出现。文献统计,腰椎手术中并发大血管损伤发生率为0.14%~0.17%,死亡率却高达15%~61%。我院于2018年2月27日发生1例腰椎融合术置钉过程中损伤右侧髂

髂总动脉损伤是一种腰椎融合术中罕见且异常凶险的并发症。发现不及时或处理不当,可在短时间内导致患者失血性休克,甚至死亡。1945年Linton等首次报道腰椎间盘切除术中并发大血管损伤,术后形成右髂动脉与下腔静脉瘘;此后,国内外偶有类似报道出现。文献统计,腰椎手术中并发大血管损伤发生率为0.14%~0.17%,死亡率却高达15%~61%。我院于2018年2月27日发生1例腰椎融合术置钉过程中损伤右侧髂总动脉病例,报道如下。

临床资料

患者女性,60岁。主诉左下肢酸困不适伴间歇性跛行半年余。患者半年前无明显诱因出现左下肢酸胀不适,步行约300m即出现左下肢抽痛、麻木、行走困难,休息数分钟后症状缓解。2017年8月在当地行L3/4臭氧髓核溶解术,术后效果欠佳,现患者左下肢酸胀不适及间歇性跛行症状逐渐加重,为求进一步诊治,前来我院。入院查体:患者腰椎生理曲度存在,腰椎各棘突无明显压痛及叩击痛,腰椎椎旁无压痛,腰椎活动度可,左小腿内外侧及后方感觉减退,足背、足底感觉减退,股四头肌肌力5级,胫骨前肌肌力4级,长伸肌肌力4级,腓肠肌-比目鱼肌肌力4级,长屈肌肌力4级,左侧股神经牵拉试验阳性,膝腱反射正常,跟腱反射减弱,病理征未引出。腰椎MRI可见L3/4巨大椎间盘突出,左侧神经根受压。考虑患者曾行微创手术治疗,局部组织很可能存在粘连,充分讨论后,决定于2018年2月27日在全麻下行开放L3/4髓核摘除椎间植骨融合内固定术。

患者全麻后取俯卧位,腹部悬空,常规消毒、铺巾、透视定位后,以L3、L4棘突为中心,取后正中切口,依次切开皮肤,皮下组织,深筋膜。左侧沿骨膜下剥离椎旁肌至L4关节突关节外缘,置入6.5×45.0mm椎弓根螺钉。右侧于多裂肌间隙进入,显露L3、L4椎体横突,当使用开路锥对L4横突进针点处骨皮质进行破除时,不慎从椎体侧方滑向腹侧,随后立即取出开路锥。数分钟后,心电监护显示血压下降至80/50mmHg,予以补液、多巴胺及肾上腺素等药物后血压持续维持在105/75mmHg,心率约110次/分,且手术视野无较多鲜血渗出,肤温、肤色亦无明显变化,考虑并未损伤腹部大血管。继续手术,手术时间约60min。

当患者仰卧位送至麻醉恢复室后,血压无法测出,并见腹部膨隆,叩诊浊音,考虑大动脉破裂出血可能,立即将患者转入就近手术室,并会同普外科医生行剖腹探查。取右腹部倒八字切口,开始时直接进入腹膜后间隙,见大量鲜血涌出,但由于操作空间狭小,视野不清,无法修补损伤血管。遂立即打开侧腹膜,将小肠翻向头侧,切开后腹膜,进入腹膜后间隙,见大量鲜血呈喷射状,仔细探查发现右侧髂总动脉破裂,裂口大小约6×1mm、不规则、前后贯穿。立即用血管钳钳夹动脉近端,动脉破口处予以缝合修补。修补完成后移除血管钳,未见出血。冲洗腹腔,在右下腹置引流管,清点纱布、器械无误后常规逐层关腹。术中共出血约8000ml,回输自体血约3000ml,输同型异体红细胞悬液约3800ml,输同型异体血浆约3400ml,人工代血浆约2000ml,复方氯化钠溶液、5%碳酸氢钠溶液共计约3200ml。术后患者血压维持在100/60mmHg左右,转入重症医学科,继续予以补液,应用血管活性药维持血压,并应用抗生素预防感染,应用祛痰药预防肺部并发症,应用抑酸剂、蛋白酶抑制剂、还原型谷胱甘肽、磷酸肌酸钠保护重要脏器功能;同时予以冰帽降低颅温、预防脑水肿、减轻脑损害;并监测生命体征及血常规、肝肾功能等指标变化。术后第1天,患者意识清醒,处于镇静状态(17点停用镇静剂),脱机并拔除气管插管,经管予以肠内营养乳剂;术后第2天逐渐减停血管活性药,床旁B超提示腹部未见明显液性暗区;术后第3天患者生命体征平稳,下午转回我科,继续予以预防感染、补液、抑酸等对症支持治疗;术后第5天复查床旁B超提示腹部未见明显液性暗区;术后1周患者左下肢症状明显缓解,已能够佩戴支具下床行康复功能锻炼。出院后继续予以营养神经等对症治疗。随访60余天,患者左下肢感觉、运动大致正常,腹部亦无明显不适。

讨论

腹主动脉位于腹膜后,走形在椎体左前方,至L3/4间隙水平逐渐靠近中线,随后其主要在L4/5椎间隙及L4椎体下半(74.9%)分叉为左、右髂总动脉。因此在临床工作中,下腰部椎间盘手术存在损伤腹侧大血管的风险。据文献报道,腹侧大血管损伤,多发生在髓核摘除过程中,由于术者经验欠缺,或患者椎间盘前方纤维环及前纵韧带较薄弱,术者操作髓核钳时突破前方韧带组织而缺乏突破感,以致误伤腹侧大血管;置钉过程出现腹侧大血管损伤较为少见,多由于螺钉穿透椎体外侧缘所致。

当术中损伤腹侧大血管时,多数情况下会出现椎间隙大量渗血伴血压下降、心率增快,使医生能够及时发现处理;或形成假性动脉瘤,术后患者可表现出腹部胀痛等症状,结合B超等检查亦可早期诊断并处理。但值得williamhill asia 注意的是,本病例在出现短暂血压下降后,血压仍可维持在105/75mmHg,且手术过程中椎间隙及周围组织并无大量渗血,导致医生未能在术中及时诊断。williamhill asia 分析在开路锥滑向前方时,恰好刺破右侧髂总动脉,但由于后方肌肉的阻挡以及腹部处于悬空体位时的腹压相对较小,使得大量血液并未涌向手术视野;另外,此次出血局限在腹膜后间隙,大量血液聚集使得局部压力明显增大,其对右侧髂总动脉破口处产生压迫止血作用。因此,在血管活性药物配合作用下,患者术中血压基本维持在正常水平;当手术结束,患者被翻转、搬运过程中,动脉破口周围的局部压力发生改变,使得大量血液自破口处迅速涌出,出现急性失血性休克。

潘浩等总结了在腰椎手术髓核摘除过程中出现腹侧大血管损伤的危险因素:(1)椎管静脉丛完全止血困难,术野显示不清;(2)术者对局部解剖知识模糊;(3)苛求彻底摘除椎间盘等。而本病例警示williamhill asia ,在腰椎手术置钉操作过程中开路锥操作失误,亦是损伤腹侧大血管的高危因素。

腹侧大动脉损伤发生率虽低,但其生存率与是否能够早期诊断并及时进行外科干预呈强正相关。为避免此类不良事件的发生,总结前人经验,再结合本病例,williamhill asia 得到如下启示:医生术前应做到了解患者突出的髓核的大小、位置,清楚椎间盘局部解剖结构以及患者腹侧大血管与椎体位置关系;髓核摘除过程中做到耐心、谨慎,严格掌握器械进入椎间隙的深度和角度,一般深度2CM,靠近椎体两侧更浅,靠近中线处不超过2.5CM;特别强调在置钉操作过程中,使用开路锥对骨皮质进行突破时,应避免双手同向用力,避免借用上半身重量完成开路锥操作,若此时锥尖一旦出现滑移,术者身体在惯性作用下难以立即停止前进,极易将开路锥扎向前方。因此,使用开路锥操作时,williamhill asia 建议:对于骨质相对疏松、薄脆的患者,可利用一只手握住锥柄进行旋转推进,另一只手则适当用力握住或捏住锥杆,即使出现滑移,也可及时阻挡开路锥前进;对于骨皮质相对致密、坚硬的患者,术者上肢力量相对不足,可当锥尖进入皮质少许后,一只手握住锥杆以固定方向,另一只手用骨锤锤击锥柄后方,使得开路锥间断向前扎透皮质,即使出现滑移,也会因推进力量消失,在手的握持下停止前进。以便能最大程度避免开路锥损伤腹侧大血管。

原始出处:

冯超帅,杨宝辉,王国毓,王 杰,李浩鹏.腰椎融合术置钉过程中损伤右侧髂总动脉抢救成功1例[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2018,(9):858-860.

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    2018-12-15 zhaojie88
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    2018-12-15 licz0427
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